Cultural Profile

Cultural Profile Culture is said to be a universal of sh ared beliefs, value and norms that guide a particular group of hoi polloi through everyday life. Culture does non only shape and mold a country on a national level but it also molds many disdaines within that country as they build their own norms, beliefs and values as it pertains to different aspects of conducting their business in a civilisation. In order for a business to be successful one must first understand how national and business culture differ and how it relates to work goals and this is addressed by Hofstedes model of national culture.Hofstede uses five dimensions of basic cultural values. The first one is power distance which refers to what people expect regarding equality among others. The second is uncertainty avoidance which a typical reaction to a certain situation that is seen as dangerous or different. The ternary dimension is individualism which refers to the relationship in society between an individu al and a group. Masculinity, the fourth dimension is what is expected about gender roles and lastly is the long-run orientation which refers to the way people see and value time.I will be making references to the data from Jamaica which is similar to Belize in several ways given that Belize is not in the list of countries in the Hofstede Centre. From the graph, the scotch for power distance was 45 which means that the Jamaicans are independent and a hierarchy is only for convenience as power is decentralized and managers depend on team members experience and their participation is welcomed in the decision making process of the business. Compared to the united States who had an even lower score of 40 shows that they do not view inequality as something good and they do not support the authoritarian leadership style.For individualism, Jamaica is considered to be a collectivized society with a score of 39. This means that family, social class, organization and team takes priority ov er an individual and this is the foundation of long-term commitment to the parties involved which in most cases are extended family and close friends. Compared to the United States who scored a high of 91, this means that they look at that everyone is responsible for themselves and individuals achievements and good performance is effective in gaining rewards in the workplace.This brings out the aggressiveness in Americans. Next was the masculinity score of 68 for Jamaica and 62 for the United States. This shows that both countries are considered as a masculine society with Jamaica a little bit more than(prenominal) masculine. This means that men are seen as the dominant and assertive and that we should live to work which is more important than even the family. A masculine society sees success, advancement and money as important factors in ones life. The fourth dimension was that of the uncertainty avoidance where Jamaica had a low score of only 13.This implies that Jamaicans ten d to be go for more flexibility as they allow subordinates to make more on their job choices, they are more relaxed and they encourage less rules and regulations which cause more freedom for subordinates. The United States, even though scored higher than Jamaica, score is still a low 46. Americans is more open to ideas and opinions of others as the allow freedom of expression and they too encourages less rules and regulations. Lastly, was the dimension of low-term orientation where Jamaica has no score so far.The United States however, has a low score of 29 which means that their orientation is short-term and they are use profit and loss statements to measure the performance of a business. They rely that immediate rewards such as higher pay and promotions are necessities in a business. Jamaicans like Americans are seen as a monochronic culture. Some of their traits are that they are committed to their job, they are serious about time commitments and so show great emphasis on being prompt. They have a tendency to do one thing at a time and often times stick to their plans.On the other hand their are polychronic people and they tend to be more committed to human relationships and if possible they achieve their objectives. They tend to do many things at once and it is easy for them to change plans. Polychronic people are mainly from northern and western Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. Jamaicans are known to be direct and say what they mean which is considered to be a people of low-context language. They are action-oriented and they value logic and facts which they found their decisions on rather than their intuitions. Jamaicans are very explicit in their contracts which often times conclude negotiations.Belizeans and Jamaicans are very close in culture and base on this fact, the data collected was very helpful in determining how I would create a company culture over time. I regard that in order to make both myself and my subordinates comfortable and to get the maximum performance their will have to be some compromise. I am a born Belizean so I am very familiar with the culture and is verse with what is expected. Over the years I had changed some of my traits as far as business and so some of the traits that I have adopted from being here in the United States I would definitely want to implement in my business in Belize.Employees would be selected from the Belizean population who will be facilitated with sales training. The senior manager would have to display leadership qualities to as enforce a break away from being so laid back and relaxed. I would use promotions and pay increase as motivational tools for my employees and I do believe that since they are more verse with what is in demand that it is important for me to welcome ideas and suggestions from the employees and allow them to be apart of the decision making of the business. 100 75 50 Jamaica (similar to Belize) 25 United States 0 PDI IDV MAS UAI LTO

The Perks of Being a Wallflower

Stephen Chboskys The Perks of Being a Wallflower is an epistolary refreshed which tells a story about self-discovery. As given in Britannica, epistolatory novel, a novel told through the medium of letters written by one or more of the characters. Epistolary novel is a type of novel written in a get of letters through one of the characters.According to a post on eNotesA genre of fiction which first gained popularity in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the epistolary novel is a form in which most or all of the biz is advanced by the letters or journal entries of one or more of its characters, and which marked the beginning of the novel as a literary form.Epistolary novel first got famous in seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It is a genre of fiction in which novel is written in a form of letters or journal by one of the characters. Charlie, the title-holder of The Perks of being a Wallflower writes a series of letters to narrate his story.It is stated on essaytownEven if presenting the reader with sham letters, the epistolary novels of seventeenth and eighteenth century already suggested that letter writing had a therapy like effect on their fictional authors. The letter writing would act like a catharsis Charlie is called a wallflower by his friends.Merriam-Webster defines wallflower as, a person who from shyness or unpopularity ashes on the sidelines of a social activity. People atomic number 18 considered to be wallflower when they argon shy, reserved and unpopular. When they stay quiet and avoid talking to anyone. These people are normally introvert and have no friends.They isolate themselves for different reasons such as fears or lack of confidence. They do not participate in social activities and filter out to remain hidden as if they are invisible. Charlie is an introvert, a shy teenager who does not have friends and does not participate in life.The topic of self-discovery according to cyclopedia entails the process of acquiring insig ht into ones own character.People themselves are sometimes not aware of their true nature and their desires. Self-discovery happens when they truly find themselves, who they really are and what they want. Pam M.S. Nugent describes self-discovery as a procedure through which a person finds out their true character and qualities.Charlie, as the novel proceeds, discovers hidden truths about himself, his likes, dislikes, his wants, and what kind of a person he truly is by going through a process of self-discovery.A process of looking for your own identity. To discover what a one mortal has in his personality and what things are there to which a person is likely to be more inclined is called self-discovery.As per PsychologyDictionary self-discovery is a method through which a person becomes aware of his true desires and wants. Just as Charlie discovers the truth about his different behavior, his true likes and dislikes.1.1 Background of StudyI would read this novel in the light of the i dea of defense mechanisms as presented by Sigmund Freud in the classical psychoanalysis.A post on Chegg Study statesAccording to Sigmund Freud, who developed the concept in the late nineteenth and early 20th centuries, defense mechanisms are a major component of personality. Freud believed that personality consists of the self, the id, and the super self. The id is the source of instincts and natural desires when these clash with social norms, tension arises as the superego disapproves and the ego mediates between them.Defense mechanisms respond by shifting such desires, feelings, and associated thoughts to the unconscious. The post states that Sigmund Freud considers the defense mechanisms as important part of personality. According to Freud, personality is made of id, ego and superego. Defense mechanisms according Freud respond by changing desires, feelings and thoughts into unconscious.Other than authors, psychoanalytic theory applies on characters. The theory can be used to und erstand the protagonist of the novel, Charlie, and his behavior better in the light of Freuds classical psychoanalysis. After Charlies unconscious mind reveals some past memories to him, they cause some psychological disturbances.The research depart focus on Charlies characteristics, his traumas, what defense mechanisms he use against them and his journey towards self-discovery. Regarding unconscious, Freud statesEverything that is repressed must remain unconscious but let us state at the very outset that the repressed does not cover everything that is unconscious.The unconscious has the wider compass the repressed is a part of the unconscious. Freud argues that everything a person represses must stay in unconscious mind, but unconscious mind is not only filled with repressed memories, it has other things in it too. Charlie has repressed his memories in his unconscious mind which are later revealed.Calvin S.Hall defines defense mechanism as a way of dealing with different threats a nd dangers. It is a way to lessen the anxiety by employ different defenses such as denial, projection, repression, regression and displacement which are discussed in detail in chapter

Discussion on Organ Donation Shortage

Medicine has evolved since the days of bloodletting, but from the perspective of a waiting recipient on the reed organ donor list, we still recognize in the dark ages. With a list of 110,941 hopeful candidates for organ transplant, the status of organ bounty as a taboo subject in the intensive Care Unit (ICU) has left an average of 20 people dead each day. (1) The high demand and low supply has led to creative solutions from two medical and government sectors, but whats the answer? Is government intervention necessary, or should the fed keep their laws withdraw my liver?While the fourth one-year National Donor Designation Report Card prepared by Donate Life America shows 94. 7 million people were enrolled in separate donor registries at the end of 2010,(2) it still doesnt address the need that exists today. The shortage of organ donors in the U. S. is a problem. There are many factors that perch behind the campaigns for shortage. From socioeconomic and demographic factors to religious beliefs, candidates just arent surfacing like they could. (3) All the doctors and sop ups I know are donors, says Dr. Joshua Gitter, a practicing M. D. at crapper Muir checkup Center in Walnut Creek, California. We cant be the only ones providing organs here, ya know? The general public needs to step up. The reason organs are in chronically short supply is partly due to the U. S. policy that requires voluntary giving.Dr. Gitter says most organs for transplant come from hap victims, who become whiz dead after serious head injuries. These victims are typically put on life-support, and the next of kins consent is required to turn off the machine and donate the organs. Dr. Gitter says there are usually good chances of receiving donations from the families of accident victims, but each case changes on a family by family basis. Studies have shown the chances of donation from families who had prior knowledge of the patients wishes regarding donation have a higher rate of d onation from the ICU,(4) but how often does mortality come up in a wholesome conversation with family? Craig Gammel, a San Jose resident says he never had a conversation with his family members on the issue of organ donation, so when his father suffered a brain aneurism in the summer of 2009, Mr.Gammel possessed no pre determined ideas of donating his fathers organs during his drive to the ICU where his father waited in a coma. Youre never flying for a call like that. Says Mr. Gammel, reflecting on the day he got the call about his fathers aneurism. We didnt wait long before the doctors affirm my father was brain dead. Craig made the decision to take his father off life support after hearing the news, and agreed to donate his fathers hazel eyeball to a waiting recipient. When the nurse initially approached Mr. Gammel with the request for eye donation, she did so in a tentative and reserved manner. Craig says he appreciated the way the topic was introduced, and grateful for th e opportunity to assist another person in need. Of course I wanted his death to at least help someone. He said.The centenarian man would have wanted the same, I think. Craig says he wouldnt have thought about organ donation at the condemnation if the nurse hadnt asked him. Since organ transplant candidates cannot rely solely on these cases, the concept of mandated choice was proposed by the American Medical Association in 1994. 5) Mandated choice would make it so people are required by law to state in advance whether or not they will be an organ donor. The American Medical Associations Council on Ethical and Judicial Affairs supports mandated choice. In a 1994 report, the council said Requiring a decision regarding donation would overcome a major obstacle to organ donation the reluctance of individuals to contemplate their own deaths and the disposition of their bodies. (6) Frankly, Im shocked that people need the government to tell them plan for their mortality.I wouldnt want to be brain dead and have my family refuse organ donation because I never told them I wanted to donate. Its tantamount to macrocosm buried with your money. Donate it for Christ sakes. Concluded Craig. However, everyone does not share this belief of Craigs. I would never allow my daughters body to be chopped up and shared out like a joint at a doobie brothers concert. Said Santa Barbara resident David Martin when asked if he would donate the organs of a family member in the unlikely shell of their sudden or accidental death. Davids cited his strict belief in Christian Science as support.His decision to abstain from all medical practices and remedies is a cornerstone in the religion, making the concept of organ donation implausible. While Davids beliefs are of a minority opinion, it still reflects a refusal to donate healthy organs to dying people. With factors influencing donation ranging from family or patient attitudes and beliefs to deaths from trauma being the decision facto rs, its hard to come up with a method for find the right time to approach a family. We have been trained to approach the subject with as much care and tact as possible. Says Hillary Gitter, a practicing nurse at John Muir Medical Center. Youd be surprised how many people are open to the request if you approach them at the right time and in the right tone. Because Hillary interacts with patients that are waiting for organ transplants, she firmly believes the need trumps any social awkwardness that arises when asking for organ donations. How would you look someone in the eyes and say their chance of finding a donor is slim to none? Youve sealed their fate and dashed all hope with that fact, so you do what you can to help people get donors. I think even false hope is better than a death sentence. Said Hilary.

Case Study on Launch of Water Park Essay

The International affiliation of Amusement Parks and Attractions (IAAPA) announced Asiatic Attractions Expo (AAE) 2014 forget take place at the China National Convention Center (CNCC) in Beijing 17-20 June 2014. Since 1997, Asian Attractions Expo has been the premier multinational sight show and conference for the multibillion-dollar leisure and attractions industry in Asia. IAAPA is looking forward to bringing Asian Attractions Expo to China, IAAPA Vice death chair, Asia Pacific Operations Andrew lee(prenominal) said.The attractions industry within China is growing at a rapid pace with several attractions recently completed and a number of other major fun parks in development, making its capital city, Beijing, a logical choice to host AAE 2014. Beijings experience as host to the 2008 exceptional Games, its atomic number 18a tourist attractions, and its history and diverse culture make it a perfect backdrop for Asian Attractions Expo, the attractions industrys fastest gro wing trade show and conference in the region, said IAAPA President and CEO Paul Noland.Owners, operators, manufacturers, and suppliers will conduct business, learn, and network More than 5,000 attractions industry professionals from more than 60 nations are expected to participate in the event. The trade show floor will showcase products from more than 250 companies from around the world in more than 100 categories, including fun and theme park rides architectural and design services and coin-operated games, skill games, and redemption prizes.The trade show floor is the place for CEOs, directors, general managers and senior managers of amusement and theme parks, water parks, zoos, aquariums, museums, family entertainment centers, casinos and resorts to experience whats late in the attractions industry and purchase attractions and services to enhance the guest experience and increase tax income at their facilities. The event will include education sessions related to safety, opera tions, and management presented by worldwide industry leaders in each discipline.Session discussions will center on industry trends and best practices, and throughout the week participants will network with colleagues to strengthen longtime business relationships and establish new followerships. WWA offers webinar on affordable oversee Act BY AMUSEMENT TODAY FEBRUARY 25, 2013 The World Waterpark Association will broadcast a live webinar on March 6, 2013, at 2 p. m. ET with a session on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, brought to you by the WWAs Government Relations Committee and the WWA Insurance Program and its partner agency, Haas & Wilkerson Insurance.The Affordable Care Act What It Means For Waterpark Operators Healthcare expert Dennis Maggart will deliver a presentation on the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (PPACA) that was signed into law in 2010. Many of the major changes are scheduled to be enacted on January 1 of 2014. Maggart will speak to Wo rld Waterpark Association members on how these new laws may affect your company. The seasonal nature of the waterpark business and the amount of part-time and temporary labor the industry hires makes compliance with many of these new requirements very challenging.This webinar will be very useful in helping you with your compliance and in developing a strategy to deal with these new rules and regulations. Dennis Maggert is President of McInnes Maggart Consulting Group, located in Fairway, Kan. , McInnes Maggart Consulting Group is a strategic partner of Haas & Wilkerson Insurance. There is no cost to attend this webinar. However, space is limited for the live event and trucking rig is expected to be strong, so register today and sign-in at least 5 minutes before the event begins. To register visit the webinar registraton web page.

Ceceros on moral duty Essay

Man is endowed with reason where unlike animals, he is able to understand how things come about, and be able to interpret how causes relate to the effects. From there, the man bequeath be able to draw conclusion and relate the current and the future appropriately. In most cases man result try to look for a verity and the necessary changes in life to adapt with the situation. It is no doubt that man has a feeling for order, politeness and moderation in life. It is because of this that moral goodness is expense all told respect and by all means, we appropriately maintain it.The moral right emanate from the four sources. These sources include Its concern with the full development of the authoritative intelligent, its concern about the conservation of the organized society, its greatness ant power of a dignified and unbeatable spirit, or its concern with the orderliness and the moderation of all that is said and done. Clearly, one is able to observe the real truth in any given sour ces, and when he can detect and explain the reasons behind it accordingly he impart be able to wisely understand itThe other virtues, is set to provide and maintain such things where the practical business of life relied on such that there will be conservation of the relation between man to man in the society. In that case the dignity of man will be improved to help them increase their superiority to these things. However, the orderly behavior and the self control have their sphere in the section of things where a sealed amount of physical effort is required. For example, if we develop a certain amount of propriety and order to the daily activities the moral rectitude and the moral dignity will be conserved.The interest of the society should be best conserved, and kindness be shown to every person in relation to the proximity of his relationship. However, it is important to trace buns into their eventual sources that nature has established among men. The first principle is found in the connection between members of the human race, and the bond of connection is reason and speech which by dint of the process educating reasoning associate men and unite them together.

Deer Hunting

Few deer live to be more than five historic period old because of hunting, vehicle accidents and predators. Deer are preyed upon by, wolves, bobcats, bears, coyotes, and compassionates. Deer hunting is the activity or sport of pursuing or chasing deer. It dates back to tens of thousands of years ago. Approximately maven hundred people die in hunting accidents in the United States each year. Therefore, hunting deer is unsuccessful, unfair, pointless(prenominal), unsafe, and should only be done if the deer leave behind be eaten.Hunting can be very unnecessary especially when sport hunting. Studies provide that 11 percent of deer who had been killed by hunters died only after universe shot two or more times and that some wounded deer suffered for more than 15 minutes before fully passing outside (Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessary, par. 3). It causes the deer to go through and through great pain and suffering for no very urgent movement and for the sake of mere amuseme nt. It may make you feel stronger, but there is still no reason to kill innocent deer.What if you were that deer that had to go through all this misery just for your unintelligent, and trampening mistake? In addition, sport hunting causes destroyed properties and injured bystanders. In 2006, former Vice President quill Cheney accidently shot a close friend while hunting quail on a canned hunting preserve. According to the Hunter Education Association, there are more than dozens and hundreds of deaths caused by hunting in the United States each year. Yet alone those number of deaths are deaths of humans (Why hunting is Unnecessary 2par. 16).This is an on going problem that we have to stop. Hunters seem to be unfamiliar with their firearms and do not have a sufficient amount of compliancy for the damage that they can do. Deer hunting can also be ineffective in more than one way. It is unsuccessful for trying to solve human/deer conflicts. Studies show that throughout hunting seaso n hunters frighten the deer out of the woods and onto the road increasing the number of car/deer collisions (Lin, Doris, par. 10). spate should not b separate trying to kill deer if the result would be winding up in a huge mess.If the deer goes onto the street past most likely both the deer and human would die or be seriously injured. Think about all that happened or would happen when going to hunt that deer down . The main reason that deer hunting is ineffective is because they believe that it helps with controlling the deer population. It really depends because if trophy hunting the deer then you would most likely kill the strong male deer or bucks. That wouldnt help at all because the female deer are the ones who breed (Roos, Dave, par. ). Do not do anything violent or brainless if not urgently necessary in the situation. When extraordinary pictorial occurrences cause overpopulation, natural processes should work there way back to even out the group. Even though starvation and disease may be two of the tragic ways they may stabilize although it happens naturally (Why Sport Hunting Is Cruel and Unnecessarypar. 9). Shooting deer because he or she might become sick or starve is un sensitive and is destructive.Those who support deer hunting believe that killing them stops all the problems that the deer cause. When hunting deer you will discharge a few deer and prevent those from reproducing and prevent the deer from causing chaos on the street (Lin, Doris, and par. 5). Therefore the outcome will be less harmed people in car accidents. However, that is unnecessary because that means the other deer will have more food for themselves. Also, they would not have to fight other deer for food. Since they would have more food, they would be able to give more descents to twins and triplets.That also means that the deer will normalize and give birth to fewer fawns when food is scarce (Lin, Doris, par. 10). Before going to hunt those poor creatures maybe you should think to yourself Why kill these deer? Is there a reasonable reason? If so, is there better ways to solve this? There is a better way to solve this, you can let the deer regulate themselves it might be painful but it is life. Killing does not resolve anything at all. It just makes the situation worse. People who believe killing deer helps, sad for you studies show it does not.Hunting deer is meaningless and disastrous in overpopulation and unjust to those who suffer. When citizens do this every single deer counts and will make believe the future. In which way will it affect the future? It is not known at the moment all that is known is that we may still have the chance to make a difference in this struggling world that we live in today. However, if this continues without help from you, then believe it or not but deer will become endangered species, or worse extinct.

Anthro Exam Notes and Review

Biological Anthropology can demonstrate how populations vary ( biologic variations hair color, blood type, etc. ) that past populations have evolved that modern gay populations are evolving and changing through time. Biological/ physiological Anthropology Foundations In offs ? recognition of variation, concern over how species came to be. Major research areas Paleontologys anthropology concerned with fossil hominids study of mankind evolution.Pharmacology belonging to same taxonomic order as humans study of vying primates study of nonhuman primates. Human Variation to describe and explain biologic differences between various(a) human populations. Biological study areas and specializations Molecular anthropology Astrology (study of skeletons) Paleontology Forensic anthropology 2. Archaeology the study of the human past through worldly remains found In the present. Dont do dinosaurs, few do pyramids, and fewer do space aliens. Basic Premise of archaeology bodily remains e xamine were created and deposited in the past, but are studied in the present.Surviving archaeological record is typically a pale reflection of what actually happened in the past. Prehistoric Archeology 99% of human history is unrecorded before present historic archeology studies. Archeology today Trash In landfills Is usually a straightforward representation of the state of the economy (poor economy less trash). August 24. 2012 Applied Anthropology Work for non-academic clients, such as government agencies, community groups, and businesses. each four sub-disciplines Cultural, Linguistic, Physical (Biological), Archaeology August 27, 2012 Research Ethics Informed ConsentEspecially when performed on human subjects Medical research means the subject must be protected and aware of test What Is Who is sponsoring the research? Who can you call with questions? Personal safety and safety of the subjects Interpretation of data gathered Mimic categories Used by the people interviewed Ethi c categories Used by ethnographer Research Process Formulating research questions Obtaining funding Conducting the research Interpreting the research Publishing the results Subject Position(s) of the Ethnographer(s) Country of institution Region, community Class Race/EthnicityGender/Sexual orientation Age Life experience Social Theories Current at the Time Research Conducted Interactions that occurred during fieldwork How the people existence represented choose to represent themselves to the ethnographer. How the ethnographer represents him or herself and interprets the interactions then and later. Historical Events Before and during the research Types of Studies Community studies Comparative studies Multi-sited (s constantlyal research areas) Problem-oriented research Longitudinal research aggroup research Theoretical Trends in Cultural Anthropology Historical ParticularisticIn the United States Franz Boas = father of anthropology in the United States Focus on Native Americans cover cultural artifacts, knowledge Assumption Indigenous cultures were disappearing in the face of modernity, so anthropologists needed to salvage that knowledge. Another important goal argued that cultures are rattling complex and all components off culture matter. Ruth Benedict Margaret Made 0 Patterns of culture, culture and personality Structural Functionalism Developed in Britain and France What are the functions of structures and how do they make everything work?Theory sakes away from the fact that society can function organically and doesnt address what happens if the society is not functioning properly or is malfunctioning. Influenced a lot of ideas close to religion and society. Bronchial Mammalians Polish, taught in Britain Credited as the person who came up with doing extensive field research for a twelvemonth (living in the culture). Developed out of fieldwork that it is not enough to tell the natives to come up to the ho utilize and do interviews, but you must live w ith the people of a village and see what happens on a day-to-day basis to really understand the society.A. R. Radcliff-Brown Research in Africa Claude Levi-Strauss French Took Structural Functionalism and worked it with the mind Cultural exploitation and Cultural Ecology Concerns Adaptations to environments Historical Ecology says you cannot assume that things are organically created but you must consider people of the past. Leslie black-and-blue, Julian Steward, etc. Political scrimping Concerns Power relations and social inequalities Pay attention to the relationships and power differences at bottom a particular society or culture. Stresses social inequalities based on assort Influenced by the Marxist theoryCultural Interpretation and Reflexive Ethnographers Reflections about power relations involved in ethnographic research and writing. In particular, reflections about the role of the ethnographer in conducting and writing up the research. Questions scientific claims to obje ctivity and truth. The idea that you must be someone from alfresco of the culture to analyze the culture because you will be more(prenominal) objective was questioned because what about the language or the subtle aspects of the culture that an outsider could not understand. Situates ethnography in history versus ethnographic present which made impersonations about groups.Early ethnographers were written in present tense. Present tense had a tendency to represent the cultures as unchanging. August 29, 2012 Paul Arabian (1977) 1968 0 12 historic finale after Morocco had achieved independence from France Arabians Subject Position Research Process Richard Abraham (taught Arabian Arabic Arabian saw Abraham as a friend) All Meeker Milk billet Modern, Post-colonial Feminist, Diaspora Studies, etc. Changes in the forms of modern society Accounts for disparities among countries and the historical legacies of European colonialism.Accounts for inequalities based on sex, gender, and race-e thnicity that were not sufficiently counted for by political economys. Tong Cathy A. Small (1997) Voyages from Tong Villages to American Suburbs write up Smalls subject position Research process Key cultural consultants Other research methods Self-Reflexive Ethnography US Immigration Policy 1796 0 Free White Persons (men) ASSES O Slavery ends 1824/1924 0 National Origin Quota Laws 1965 0 Immigration and Nationality Act 1986 0 Immigration Reform and Control Act Legal standing(prenominal) Residency Family Reunification 2005 of 1. Lion Skilled workers Investors Random lottery 2000 8 million applicants 1 10,000 selected 178 Tongs Refugees/political asylum cases Remittances is the money immigrants send back. Material wealth important for some aspects of life in Tong. Tong History 1500 B. C 0 Polynesians come to settle 875 0 Stratified Chiefdom Low chiefs Specialists Commoner farmers 1150 0 Lounge Tu Tong capital 1 575 0 4-tiered tomb September 5 Tong Kava Drinking Ceremonies people w ere arranged and served by their social status typically women do the serving to men. Religion Original godsHouses (Supreme god) Loyola (rain, wind, agriculture, harvest) Maim (holding up the islands) 5 sea gods god for craftsmen At least 300 gods Soul gods Mischievous gods Celebrations Community celebrations and exchanges Ceremonial wealth (kola) Tap cloths and mats baskets of food for thought Blankets, cash, etc. Weddings and funerals First birthday, 21st birthday Tautology Special dance performed by women could be difficult learn Kinship and Raising Children The Tong way (nag factions) extol (including tapes) Children could not touch top of fathers head Exchanges, obligations (gave)Outside/inside Expectation that cooking is outside of house and eating is separated from cooking. Kinship and Households Father = head martinet Brothers, sisters Relationship becomes a lot more formal after puberty. first brother, eldest sister High expectations must fulfill roles if a death occurs . Eldest sons futuristic privilege is that they inherit the land. Fathers sister Could have the children if she wanted very important role.Mothers family Adoption Contact with Europeans 1616, 1643 0 Dutch explorers asses 0 Captain pack Cook (British) 1797 0 London Mission Society (Boson) sass 0 Cargo ships, Whalers asses 0 Wesleyan Methodist missionaries Wars of Succession/Civil Wars and conflicts between chiefs 1834 0 Rising Chief converts 1845 0 Becomes King George I 1875 0 Some chiefs, land, taxes, etc. 1900 0 British Protectorate 1954 0 Independence Mourning period for a kings death is 10 days. Businesses are expected to be closed during the mourning period.With the last kings death the mourning period was deck September 10 Culture At least 365 diverse definitions Complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, arts, morals, law, custom, and any there capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Taylor 1871). Going to be a member of a specific society Charac teristics of Culture Learned Keeping 2-3 feet of space between you and someone you dont know intimately was never a taught thing, but is learned implicitly by observation.Systems of Symbolic Meanings Religious symbols (I. E. A cross) entail a lot of meaning people. Culture teaches us how to express biological or natural urges in particular ways. What, when, and how to eat All-encompassing In other words, not restricted to high culture, fine arts, great literature, etc. All that relates to everyday life. Integrated Different aspects of culture are interrelated, patterned systems. Social scientists focus a lot of attention on trying to determine various patterns and relationships.Changes in one aspect of culture usually entail changes in other aspects. Example increasing numbers of women in the U. S working outside the home from the asses on. plenty use culture actively and creatively. Culture as a process vs.. A thing. Once you start thinking of culture as a process, change can take place. Various forms of knowledge and practice Culture can be adaptive or maladaptive with respect to the (natural and/or cultural) People raised with certain rules and norms, BUT Rules and norms vary according to subject positions of individuals.Gender, age, etc. They are subject to interpretation. They can be contested and changed. There are struggles within cultures (and among different groups of people) over the meanings of symbols, ideas, values, and practices. Ideals what people say they do or should do. Practices observed by members of that society (as well as anthropologists). Levels of Many cultures have origins before nation-states were ever created. However, today International or transnational cultures Spread of global capitalism, commercialism.Many struggles over values and meanings. National cultures Subcultures (within nations) I. E. The South in the U. S. Has several distinguishing factors. Region, ethnicity, language, class, religion, age, etc. Cultural Relativism Practices in one culture should not be Judged by the standards of another culture. Vs.. Ethnocentrism, Human Rights, Cultural Rights Analyzing Cultures Universities You must eat, you must sleep, etc. Generalities Common in many different cultures ParticularitiesSeptember 12 Rites of Passage Separation, Limitability, Incorporation Collective Limitability Community spirit, solidarity, effervescence (some) social hierarchies are temporarily suspended. Equivalent of Carnival in Brazil is Marci Grass in the United States. Religion Beliefs and rituals concerned with supernatural beings, forces, and powers (Wallace 1966 5 cited in Cotta). Rituals Formal, stylized, repetitive, stereotyped, practices usually performed in special places at set times. Social acts, typically with groups participation, versus audience, religious/ blasphemous Functions of ReligionPersonal or group transformations Through rituals and rites of passage Create a sense of group unity Through shared practices (rituals and rites) Explain the mysterious Reduce anxiety, cracking hope Help people cope with adversity Joy, fear, etc. Reduce or create anxiety Control nature and/or social worlds secure specific aims Provide moral codes (or values) Guide practices and beliefs Produce regret, guilt, shame Produce the need for forgiveness Capotes in Southern Mexico and live in Cacao and use the economic system of Slaughter to fund economic practices.